Predatory Loans

The definition of predatory lending involves who really benefits in the mortgage transaction. The fact that the homeowner does NOT benefit is what turns a legal mortgage into a predatory lending practice which can and should be reported. In many cases only a fine line divides actual fraud from an ethical and legal transaction.

Steering & Coercing
Predatory Lenders use quite a number of different abusive practices when putting together a sub prime loan. The possible targets for these practices are the elderly, low-income, or minority homeowners who, in many cases, would actually qualify for a regular prime loan. Fannie Mae estimates that possibly up to 50% of the sub prime refinanced loans could have been prime loans – saving the borrowers thousands of dollars in fees and interest rates. The abuse of sub prime loans in minority neighborhoods is evidenced by a government study in an African-American neighborhood showing over 51% of the refinanced mortgages being sub prime, compared to only 9% in predominantly white neighborhoods. Borrowers are often subjected to very aggressive sales tactics to steer them or coerce them into refinancing when it isn't in their best interest. Many states are attempting to set up predatory lending laws to avert this type of activity.

Excessive Fees
A refinanced mortgage can be packed with excessive fees and/or unnecessary fees. A regular mortgage usually will have loan fees below 1% of the total loan amount. A predatory mortgage can have loan fees in excess of 5%. These excessive costs are tucked into the loan amount so the lender can easily disguise them, and these fees can put thousands of the homeowner's dollars into the predator's pockets. This practice falls within the definition of predatory lending.

Insurance and Other Unnecessary Products
Predators often add insurance and other unnecessary products to the loan amount. The insurance they either insist on or intimidate the borrower into buying can include regular mortgage insurance, fire and hazard insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, homeowner's insurance, and health insurance. The insurance can be extended to include all family members, not just the borrowers themselves. The premium for these items is also added onto the loan amount where the cost is not easily spotted by the borrower. And, of course, the predator earns large commissions every year on the premiums paid. A variation of this happens when three or five years of premium are paid in advance.

Abusive and Abnormal Prepayment Penalties
Only about 2% of normal conventional mortgages have a prepayment penalty that might be difficult to meet. Up to 80% of sub prime mortgage have an abusive prepayment penalty. Why? This is one more way the predators can gouge an unsuspecting homeowner. The prepayment penalty is a fee the lender requires the borrower to pay if the borrower should pay off the mortgage loan early. The sub prime borrower usually has less-than-perfect credit when originally taking out the mortgage, and the prepayment penalty is hidden in the fine print. Over the next few years the borrowers may manage to improve their credit and want to obtain a new mortgage that has lower interest and lower payments. However, the prepayment penalty on the original mortgage (which often equals 5% of the original loan) is so high that it eats up any equity the homeowners have built up and can even leave them owing more money. Homeowners often are trapped into keeping the original, high-interest mortgage. This is also another case where the lender gives a kickback to the mortgage broker for helping to include the high prepayment penalty in the mortgage. In the future, when the homeowner has to pay the prepayment penalty, the mortgage broker pockets more money.

Loan Flipping
Another form of predatory lending practices occurs when Con-Artists find a homeowner whom they can talk or coerce into refinancing their mortgage, even though the homeowner gains nothing from the transaction. The process is called loan flipping. While the transaction might put a few thousand dollars into the homeowner's bank account, this amount is easily eaten up by the excessive fees, higher interest rate, and prepayment penalties of the new mortgage.

A serious danger with loan flipping occurs when a balloon payment is inserted into the fine print. While the homeowners originally may have had twenty or thirty years to pay on the mortgage, under the loan flipping they might be signing for a two, three, or five year balloon payment. At the end of that time they need to find a way to refinance the house again or lose it completely. Of course, the 'expert Con-Artists' will be only to glad to do another loan flip and refinance it for them – once again pocketing thousands of dollars in the process and leaving the homeowner with even less equity in the property than before.

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